Streambed Sediment Geochemical Controls on In-Stream Phosphorus Concentrations during Baseflow

A spatially extensive geochemical data set of stream water and bed sediment composition across the Tamar catchment in south-west England was analysed to identify the key bed sediment properties that control the in-stream dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations during baseflow conditions. Linear regression analysis of the streamwater DRP concentrations and the distribution coefficient K _d for DRP revealed that the former is positively correlated with total SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, and negatively correlated with K₂O. The primary control on these major element distributions is the dominant bedrock geology. The data suggest that streamwater DRP concentrations are mainly controlled by adsorption to clay minerals. Where P concentrations in streamwater were considerably elevated by inputs from point sources, DRP concentrations are also controlled by precipitation of hydroxyapatite.     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Soil Pollution by Lignite Mining

Lignite mining and processing has caused a pronounced impact both directly and indirectly on soils and ecosystems across large areas of the former GDR. We studied soils of pine forest ecosystems at sites affected by severe alkaline dust and sulphur deposition, stemming from lignite fired power plant emission, and at dumped sites from lignite mining. In this paper we summarize our main results and evaluate the long-term impact of lignite mining and combustion on the environment. The pine ecosystems on naturally developed soils show a clear effect of deposition history along a former deposition gradient with distinct changes in chemical properties of organic surface layers and mineral soil as well as in element turnover and cycling rates. Afforested sites on mining dumps are directly affected by the composition of the dumped substrates. Over a large area (800 km²) these substrates are dominated by Tertiary sediments with varying amounts of lignitic particles and pyrite that result in phytotoxic site conditions (pH < 3, high salt and metal contents). High amelioration doses of liming material (up to 200 t ha⁻¹) were applied for restoration purposes. We studied the development of these sites over a period of 60 years using a false-time series approach. Beside the extreme soil conditions, element budgets of these sites are characterized by very high element release rates over decades caused by pyrite oxidation and primary mineral weathering.     

喷水冷却对混凝土受热痕迹显微结构的影响

模拟火灾现场喷水灭火的情况条件，将高温下的混凝土喷水冷却，用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析混凝土的显微结构。研究发现，当受热温度低于300℃时，喷水冷却混凝土的显微结构与空气中自然冷却试样没有明显的差别。当受热温度达到300℃以后，冷却过程中的水会在混凝土中产生新的水化物，显微结构中发现有新的晶体。受热温度越高，新的水化物晶体就越多，同时混凝土的显微结构破坏越严重。这些特征可以用来鉴定火场中遏水冷却混凝土的受热温度。     

尾矿库安全评价中的科学问题及评价方法探讨

尾矿库的安全稳定在矿山的安全生产和环境保护中具有十分重要的意义。尾矿库安全评价应该研究坝及其附属构筑物的安全状况，评价尾矿库的安全等级。本文立足于尾矿库工程的实践经验，探讨了尾矿库安全评价中应该涉及的科学问题，并对其相应的评价方法进行了探讨，指出了尾矿库安全评价应该采用的基于有限元理论的定量评价方法。本文认为排水不良和地震液化是影响尾矿坝稳定性的重要因素，应该在评价过程中给予重点的关注和研究。此外，在尾矿库的安全评价中，应更多地采用有限元数值计算方法研究上述科学问题。     

Tracking the metal distribution in the tropical Valencia lake catchment: Soil, rivers and lake

In tropical areas, the relations between soil, rivers, and lakes are poorly understood as regard to the physicochemical transformation that occurs when solid materials are transferred among them. In order to ascertain the natural dynamics of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co, as well as the perturbations by human activity, soils and sediments from a tropical catchment were studied. To accomplish the above mentioned objective, the Valencia Lake catchment was subdivided into three systems, i.e. soils, rivers and lakes. Original data and those previously published by Mogolló;n and Bifano (1994), and Mogolló;n et al. (1995, 1996) were used to establish the numerical relation between the average concentration in the three systems. The percentage labile fraction and metal distribution in different particle size fractions were studied in selected samples. A total of 410 samples was analysed.Lithology and topography are the main factors that differentiate the physicochemical characteristics of soils and sediments. Processes coupled with solid material transport from the upland to lowland area cause the increase of the HNO₃ (1M) extractable metal concentration, and of the percentage labile fraction, metal redistribution towards fine particle fraction. In spite of the tropical climate, the pedogenesis of exposed sediments and the transport along the river courses, have very low influence. Most of the transformations seem to occur during the soils – river transfer of materials. The carbonate precipitation in the lake causes further increase of metal concentration and the percentage labile fraction. The pollutant input increases metal concentration, the percentage labile fraction and the trend of accumulation toward fine particles.     

喀斯特地区黄壤和石灰土剖面化学组成变化与风化成土过程

对西南喀斯特地区典型黄壤和石灰土剖面土壤主量和微量元素组成变化特征进行了研究,提供了有关岩石风化和土壤形成过程的信息。所研究的土壤相对于上地壳普遍富集P和Mn,而亏损Na、K、Ca、Mg元素。与黄壤相比,石灰土具有较高含量的K、Rb和较低含量的Sr元素,同时具有较高Th/Ta,Rb/Sr比值和CIA的特征,指示两类土壤成土母质的差别和石灰土较强的风化程度。不同地区同种类型土壤以及同一地区不同类型土壤的化学组成具有显著差别,反映了不同区域和不同类型土壤在成土母质、风化成土过程和程度上的差异。     

月亮泡底泥中元素的分布及其生态风险评价

对吉林省西部月亮泡底泥中元素的空间分布、来源以及重金属的潜在生态风险进行了研究。与吉林省中西部土壤中元素平均值相比,月亮泡表层底泥中明显富Hg、Pb、Ca、N,而相对贫As、Co、Mn、Th、Cl、Na。在湖底表层底泥中,As、Hg、U、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Mo、Co、Ni、Mn、N、P、MgO、Fe2O3、CaO、有机碳与Al2O3呈明显的正相关关系,表明它们的地球化学性质与粘土矿物的含量密切相关。表层底泥中Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害性均很小。在月亮泡的两个沉积柱中,元素含量随深度的变化不尽相同。在沉积柱1中,Fe2O3、Mn、P、Zn、Cu、Ni、Co、Cr、Cd等元素含量随深度变化不大,表明其沉积环境较为稳定。在沉积柱2中,元素含量波动较大,表明该沉积柱的沉积环境较为动荡,并在76～80cm和104～108cm处,As、Fe2O3、Mn、P、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cd、Th、U等含量急剧增高;在70～90cm处Mn/Fe比值高,表明当时干旱少雨、沉积环境较为氧化,在104～108cm处Rb/Sr比高,可能反映当时高温多雨、化学风化作用较为强烈。两个沉积柱的Cr/Th比基本相似,表明沉积柱的物源基本相同。沉积柱中重金属的潜在生态危害程度也很小,表明从垂向上进入月亮泡水体的重金属污染物数量也很少。     

镉和乙草胺、苄嘧磺隆对水稻吸收能力的影响

为探讨镉和两种常用除草剂的复合污染对水稻吸收必需矿质元素影响,采用水培法研究了镉(Cd)、乙草胺(AC)和苄嘧磺隆(BSM)在单一及复合污染条件下处理水稻幼苗72h及解除污染并恢复培养96小时后,水稻基本营养元素含量的变化,并对水稻幼苗根系损伤情况也进行了研究。研究发现:Cd和AC、BSM单一和复合处理降低了水稻根系Mn、Cu、Zn的含量。AC单独处理增加了水稻根系Fe的含量,Cd与AC、BSM联合作用时则降低了水稻根系Fe的含量。AC单一及Cd与AC和BSM的复合作用能增加水稻地上部分Fe的含量,最高可达对照的4.5倍。Cd降低了水稻幼苗对Mg的吸收,而AC和BSM却能促进对Mg的吸收。水稻幼苗经96h的恢复培养后,其根和地上部分叶营养元素含量也发生了一些重要的变化,水稻幼苗地上和地下部分Cd的含量发生了显著性下降。Cd和乙草胺、苄嘧磺隆在单独和联合作用下根系和叶片相对电导率、MDA含量都较对照有所升高,而根系活力下降。     

黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地土壤营养元素空间分布特征

根据植被分布状况,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区核心区新生湿地内由黄河岸边至海滩方向布设两条平行样带,研究土壤营养元素空间分布特征.结果表明,黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地表层土壤中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TOC、TS和TP平均含量分别为419.37mg·kg-1、3.27mg·kg-1、0.87mg·kg-1、3.43g·kg-1、381.27mg·kg-1和500.86mg·kg-1.从黄河岸边至近海光滩区,土壤中TN、NO3--N、TOC和TS含量逐渐升高.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量在剖面上均表现为由表向下逐渐降低的规律.相关分析表明,土壤中TS、NO3--N、TN含量与TOC含量之间存在着极显著的正相关,土壤含盐量和pH是影响土壤中TOC、TS、NO3--N、TN含量和碳氮比大小的主要指标.     

新型移动床膜生物反应器处理PVA废水的实验研究

将移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）与膜生物反应器（MBR）有机结合,形成一体化式新型移动床膜生物反应器（M—MBBR）。采用M—MBBR对PVA废水的处理效果进行了研究,介绍了反应器的结构,并考察了水力停留时间、COD容积负荷及曝气量等操作条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间8h,气水比为120：1,COD容积负荷在1．4—2．8kg／（m^3·d）范围内变化时处理效果最佳且出水保持稳定。在此操作条件下,M—MBBR对PVA和COD的去除率可分别达到54％和69％左右。